References - Pain

Action for Sick Children. Helping children deal with pain.  http://www.actionforsickchildren.org/pain.html

American Medical Association. (2001) Pain Management: Pathophysiology of Pain and Pain Assessment. American Medical Association.

Benestad, O., et al. (1996). Quantitative and qualitative assessments of pain in children with juvenile chronic arthritis based on the Norwegian version of the Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 25, 293-299.

Beyer, J., Denyes, M., & Villarruel, A. (1992). The creation, validation, and continuing development of the Oucher: A measure of pain intensity in children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 7, 335-346.

Brattberg, G. (2004) Do pain problems in young school children persist into early adulthood? A 13 year follow-up. European Journal of Pain. 8:187-199.

Bosenberg A.; Thomas J. Lopez T. Kokinsky E.; Larsson L.E. (2003) Validation of a six-graded faces scale for evaluation of postoperative pain in children. Paediatric Anaesthesia.  13(8),   708-713

Burg, J. (2002). Pediatrics, sedation [Online]. Available: http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic403htm

Carlson K  Broome M, Vessey JA. (2000) Using distraction to reduce reported pain, fear, and behavioral distress in children and adolescents: a multisite study. J Soc Pediatr Nurs 5:75-85.

Carter, B. (1994) Child and Infant Pain. Principles of Nursing Care and Management. Chapman and Hall. London.

Carter B.; McArthur E.; Cunliffe M. (2002) Dealing with uncertainty: parental assessment of pain in their children with profound special needs. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 38(5): 449-457

Carter B.(2002) Chronic Pain in Childhood and the Medical Encounter: Professional Ventriloquism and Hidden Voices. Qualitative Health Research, 12(1): 28-41

Carter, B. (2004) Pain narratives and narrative practitioners: a way of working 'in-relation' with children experiencing pain. Journal of Nursing Management.12, 210-216

C.T. Chambers, K.L. Cassidy, P.J. McGrath, C.A. Gilbert & K.D. Craig (1996) Child Facial Coding System. http://www.pediatric-pain.ca/cfcs/cfcstitl.html

Chambers CT, Finley GA, McGrath PJ, Walsh TM. (2003) The parents' postoperative pain measure: replication and extension to 2-6-year-old children. Pain. 105(3):437-43

Children’s Pain Assessment Project. http://www.ich.ucl.ac.uk/cpap/

Cummings E.A.; Reid G.J.; Finley G.A.; McGrath P.J.; Ritchie J.A. (1996) Prevalence and source of pain in pediatric inpatients.  Pain. 68(1): 25-31

Emed, J., Filion, F., Rennick, J., Rosmus, C., Patenaude, H., Ellis, J., Shapiro, C., Ritchie, J., Gagnon, A.  & Johnston, C. (2004) Assessment in nonverbal populations (infants, mentally impaired, etc.): Incidence and nursing management of procedural pain in children.  The Journal of Pain. 5(3) S1:S107

Gershon J, Zimand E, Lemos R, Rothbaum BO, Hodges L. (2003) Use of virtual reality as a distractor for painful procedures in a patient with pediatric cancer: a case study. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2003 Dec;6(6):657-61.

Guidelines on the Management of Pain in Children. Copies available from: Pharmacy Office, Alder Hey Royal Liverpool Children's NHS Trust, Eaton Road, Liverpool L12 2AP Ph: 0151 252 5548

Hamers, Huijer Abu-Saad, van den Hout, Halfens, (1998)

Helgadóttir, H.L. (2000) Pain management practices in children after surgery. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 15(5): 334-340

Houlihan CM, O'Donnell M, Conaway M, Stevenson RD. (2004) Bodily pain and health-related quality of life in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 46(5):305-10.

Hunt A. Mastroyannopoulou K.; Goldman A.; Seers K. Not knowing-the problem of pain in children with severe neurological impairment. International Journal of Nursing Studies   February 2003, vol. 40, no. 2,   pp. 171-183(13)

Hunt A, Goldman A, Seers K, Crichton N, Mastroyannopoulou K, Moffat V, Oulton K, Brady M. (2004) Clinical validation of the paediatric pain profile. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004 Jan;46(1):9-18.

Jacox AK, Carr DB, Chapman CR, et al. Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma Clinical Practice Guidelines No.1. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1992. AHCPR Publication 92-0032

Joseph MH, Brill J, Zeltzer LK. Pediatric pain relief in trauma. Pediatr Rev 1999;20:75-83

Kankkunen,P.,  Pietilä, A-M. & Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K. (2004) Families' and children's postoperative pain-literature review. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 19(2):, 133-139

Kleiber C.[1]; Craft-Rosenberg M.; Harper D.C. Parents as Distraction Coaches During IV Insertion - A Randomized Study Journal of Pain and Symptom Management   October 2001, vol. 22, no. 4,   pp. 851-861(11)

Liossi C, Hatira P. (2003) Clinical hypnosis in the alleviation of procedure-related pain in pediatric oncology patients. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 51(1):4-28.
Melzack,R. & Wall,P.D. (1988) The Challenge of Pain. [2ed] Penguin Books, London.

McGrath PJ, Johnson G, Goodman JT, Schillinger J, Dunn J, Chapman J.(1985)  CHEOPS: A behavioral scale for rating postoperative pain in  children. In HL Fields, R Dubner, F Cervero (Eds.), Advances in Pain Research and Therapy 1985 (Vol.9, pp. 395-402), New York:

Miaskowski, C. (2003) Identifying issues in the management of pain in infants and children. Pain Management Nursing.4 (1):1-2

Oermann, M.H., Lowery, N.F.  & Thornley, J. (2003) Evaluation of web sites on management of pain in children.Pain Management Nursing. 4(3): 99-105

Park,G.& Fulton,B. (1991) The Management of Acute Pain. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Perquin C.W.[1]; Hazebroek-Kampschreur A.A.J.M.; Hunfeld J.A.M.; Bohnen A.M.; van Suijlekom-Smit L.W.A.; Passchier J.; van der Wouden J.C. Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience. Pain   1 July 2000, vol. 87, no. 1,   pp. 51-58(8)

Perquin C.W.[1]; Hunfeld J.A.M.; Hazebroek-Kampschreur A.A.J.M.; van Suijlekom-Smit L.W.A.; Passchier J.; Koes B.W.; van der Wouden J.C. Insights in the use of health care services in chronic benign pain in childhood and adolescence Pain   November 2001, vol. 94, no. 2,   pp. 205-213(9)

Ramritu P.L. [1] * Use of the Oucher Numeric and the Word Graphic Scale in children aged 9-14 years with post-operative pain Journal of Clinical Nursing   September 2000, vol. 9, no. 5,   pp. 763-773(11)

Sahler OJ, Hunter BC, Liesveld JL. (2003) The effect of using music therapy with relaxation imagery in the management of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: a pilot feasibility study.  Altern Ther Health Med. 9(6):70-4.

Salanterä S. [1] Finnish nurses' attitudes to pain in children.  Journal of Advanced Nursing   March 1999, vol. 29, no. 3,   pp. 727-736(10)

Savedra MC, Holzemer WL, Tesler MD, Wilkie DJ. (1993) Assessment of postoperation pain in children and adolescents using the adolescent pediatric pain tool. Nursing Research.42(1):5-9.

Schofield P. (2000) The effects of Snoezelen on chronic pain. Nurs Stand. 15(1):33-4.

Simons J.; Franck L.; Roberson E. Parent involvement in children's pain care: views of parents and nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing   November 2001, vol. 36, no. 4,   pp. 591-599(9)

Slifer K.J, Tucker C.L., Dahlquist L.M.  Helping Children and Caregivers Cope with Repeated Invasive Procedures: How Are We Doing? Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings   June 2002, vol. 9, no. 2,   pp. 131-152(22)

St-Laurent-Gagnon T; Bernard-Bonnin AC; Villeneuve E Pain evaluation in preschool children and by their parents Acta Paediatrica   15 April 1999, vol. 88, no. 4,   pp. 422-427(6)

Stallard P.; Williams L.; Velleman R.; Lenton S.; McGrath P.J. Brief Report: Behaviors Identified by Caregivers to Detect Pain in Noncommunicating Children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology   March 2002, vol. 27, no. 2,   pp. 209-214(6)

Steele E, Grimmer K, Thomas B, Mulley B, Fulton I, Hoffman H. (2003) Virtual reality as a pediatric pain modulation technique: a case study. Cyberpsychol Behav. 6(6):633-638.

Tarbell SE, Cohen IT, Marsh JL. (1992) The Toddler-Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale: an observational scale for measuring postoperative pain in children aged 1-5. Preliminary report. Pain. 50(3):273-80.

Tanabe, P., Ferket, K., Thomas, R., Paice, J. & Marcantonio, R. (2002) The effect of standard care, ibuprofen, and distraction on pain relief and patient satisfaction in children with musculoskeletal trauma. Journal of Emergency Nursing. 28(2): 118-125

Tesler, M.D., Holzemer, W.L., & Savedra, M.C. (1998). Pain behaviors: Postsurgical responses of children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 13, 41-47.

Tesler MD, Savedra MC, Holzemer WL, Wilkie DJ, Ward JA, Paul SM. (1991) The word-graphic rating scale as a measure of children's and adolescents' pain intensity. Res Nurs Health.14(5):361-71.

Treadwell, M.J., Franck, L.S. & Vichinsky,E. (2002) Using quality improvement strategies to enhance pediatric pain assessment. International Journal for Quality in Heallth Care. 14(1): 39-47.

van Dijk M, de Boer JB, Koot HM, Tibboel D, Passchier J, Duivenvoorden HJ.  (2000) The reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument in 0 to 3-year-old infants.Pain. 84(2-3):367-77

Van Hulle, C.,  Denyes, V. & Denyes, M. J. (2004) Relieving children's pain: nurses' abilities and analgesic administration practices. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 19(1): 40-50.

Waterhouse, M., Stelling, C., Powers, M., Levy, S. & Zeltzer, L.K. (2000) Acupuncture and hypotherapy in the treatment of chronic pain in children. Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine. 1(3): 139-150

Wong, D. and Baker, C. (1988) Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales, Pediatric Nursing, 14 (1): 9-17.

Woodgate, R., & Kristjanson, L.J. (1996). A young child's pain: how parents and nurses "take care." International Journal of Nursing Studies, 33, 271-284.